Rotorcraft Study Plan - GOV (SASP)

[Itsuki Aoyama]

ROTORCRAFT - LESSON 1

Rotorcraft execution plan for lesson 1

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LESSON 1 - INFORMATION

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PRE-FLIGHT CHECKLIST
This part includes all the information regarding the aircraft's pre-flight check to make sure the helicopter is flightworthy.

FLIGHT CONTROLS
This part provides information regarding all flight controls of the rotorcraft.

TAKE-OFF-CHECKLIST
This part includes all the details about a safe take-off with a rotorcraft.

ATC COMMUNICATIONS
This part provides information and a few examples of proper ATC communications.

SPEEDS
The various speed limits for ascent/descend/taxi are mentioned here.

FLIGHT
Yep. Good luck!

STUDENT's TURN TO PERFORM TAKE-OFF CHECKLIST AND FLIGHT
Good luck indeed.

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PRE-FLIGHT CHECKLIST

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LANDING GEAR/SKIDS
Examine the landing gear/skids for visible damages such as bent, loose, or broken-off parts.

WINDOWS/WINDSHIELDS
Examine the vehicle's windshields and windows for visible damages such as cracks. Make sure that all windows/windshields are clean of dirt and dust and that nothing obstructs the view.

RIGID ROTOR HUB
Open the rear door and step on the entry so you can examine the rotor hub up close for visible damages such as cracks, bent parts, damaged parts, damage to the structure of the rotor, or missing/loose components like fasteners and nuts.

3-WAY ROTOR BLADES
Examine all three rotor blades for visible damages such as bends, cracks, or any other damage that may occur.

FUSELAGE
Examine the helicopter's fuselage for visible damages such as bent parts, damaged structures, and other visible damage. Light scratches are not counted.

TAIL WINGS
Examine the tail wings on both sides of the tail for bents, dents, or other damage to the tail wings' structure.

TAIL ASSEMBLY (Empennage)
Examine the tail assembly for visible damages such as bents or damage to its structure.
Examine the rotor blades on the tail assembly for visible damages such as bends, cracks, or any other damage that may occur to them.

TAIL ROTOR
Examine the tail rotor for visible damages such as bends, cracks, or any other damage that may occur to the blades.
Try spinning the blades to check the good state of the bearings.

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FLIGHT CONTROLS

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COLLECTIVE LEVER
The Collective Lever is located on the left side of the pilot's seat and we utilize it to raise the helicopter up, as well as bring it back down.

THROTTLE
The Throttle is located on the Collective Lever. It appears as a grip-type of a handle on the end. It is directly connected to the position of the Collective Lever, therefore, any manual changes should be performed only when necessary. The throttle can be increased or decreased for ascending and descending respectively.

CYCLIC (STICK)
The Cyclic is located directly in front of the pilot's seat and looks a lot like a joystick. It is a sensitive tool that allows to the pilot to pitch the aircraft forward and backward. It also allows for a roll to the left and right.

ANTI-TORQUE PEDALS
The Anti-Torque Pedals are located by the pilot's feet. The pedals are directly connected to the tail rotors and control their positioning to allow for helicopter spin around the horizontal axle.

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TAKE-OFF CHECKLIST

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SEATBELT
Put on your seatbelt

BATTERY - TEST mode.
Switch the battery to TEST mode and wait until the battery-related lights light up in green. Once this is done, switch the Battery to ON.

BATTERY - ON mode.
Switch the battery to ON once the test is passed successfully.

INTERCOM - CONNECTED and ON
Turn the intercom on and make sure that it is connected.

FIRE TEST - Hold the switch pressed.
Press and hold the Fire Test switch until the light is green and then wait for the alarm to sound. Release the switch once done, all related lights should go off upon doing so if the test is successful.

WARNING LIGHTS - TEST LIGHTS mode.
Switch the lights to TEST LIGHTS mode, and the dashboard's lights will light up.

WARNING LIGHTS - BRT or DIM mode.
Switch either to BRT (for Bright) or DIM (for Dimmed).

INTERNAL/INSTRUMENT LIGHTS - ON or OFF.
Turn ON the instrument lights if you cannot read what the instruments show and OFF if the readings are easily visible. (ON for night, OFF for day.)

EMERGENCY OXYGEN SYSTEM - TEST mode.
Set to TEST mode and check the PSI.

AUXILIARY POWER UNIT (APU for short) - ON.
Turn the APU to ON, a quiet hum should be heard as it powers on.

APU GEN - ON.
Turn the APU GEN to ON, a green light will notify you if the APU GEN is ON.

ELECTRIC FUEL PUMP (EFP) - ON.
Turn the EFP to ON, a buzzing or humming should be heard from the EFP if it is ON.

FUEL - Check Level
Check the fuel gauge to confirm the levels of fuel in the helicopter. Refuel if required.

FUEL PRESSURE - 8 PSI before take-off, 25 during flight.
Check the fuel pressure gauge to confirm the fuel pressure. 8 to 10 PSI is expected before take-off. Up to 25 PSI during flight.

INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM - ALIGN
Set to ALIGN mode so the system can go through the alignment process.

DISPLAYS - ON
Turn on the aircraft's displays.

ROTOR BRAKE - RELEASE

ENGINE - Monitor RPM - 80% optimal.
Listen to the engine as it powers on, and observe the RPM (Rotations Per Minute) gauge as the engine powers up. RPM of 80% is required.

ENGINE GENERATOR - ON.
Turn the Engine Gen to ON and check the voltage. It should be at about 25V.

HYDRAULIC PUMPS - ON.
Turn the Hydraulic Pumps to ON and listen for noise as the pressure builds up. They should emit noise as the pressure builds up.

HYDRAULIC PRESSURE - 20 PSI
Check the hydraulics gauge and make sure that the pressure is at 20 PSI.

INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM - NAV mode.
Set the INS to NAV mode.

AUXILIARY POWER UNIT (APU for short) - OFF.
Turn the APU to OFF.

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ATC COMMUNICATIONS

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Explain to the student the various aspects of ATC COMMUNICATIONS and provide them with examples so they understand you better.

[Area of traffic], [Helicopter callsign], [Intentions], [Details]

Senora traffic, N101PR/Rangers Air One, taking off from Sandy Shores Airfield helipad and climbing to 1000 feet, heading southbound towards Los Santos.

Senora traffic, N101PR/Rangers Air One, descending from 1000 feet towards Sandy Shores Airfield's helipad for a landing, approaching from the west.

LSIA Tower, N101PR/Rangers Air One, approaching the helipads at 1000 feet and starting to descend towards LSIA helipad 3 for a landing.

LS traffic, N101PR/Rangers Air One, entering Senora airspace over the Vinewood Hills at 1300 feet, continuing north-east towards Alamo Sea.

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SPEEDS

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TAXI/TAXIING
When taxiing to/from helipads, the maximum allowed speed is 30 MPH.

CLIMB/ASCEND
When climbing/ascending, the maximum allowed speed is 80 MPH.

DESCEND/LANDING
When descending/landing, the maximum allowed speed is 65 MPH.

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FLIGHT

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Pick a flight path and show the student how to operate the helicopter, once this is done return to the airfield/helipad where the training started from.

[Itsuki Aoyama]

ROTORCRAFT - LESSON 2

Rotorcraft execution plan for lesson 2

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LESSON 2 - INFORMATION

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TAXIING
This part includes all the information regarding the taxiing procedure.

HOVERING
This part provides the required information regarding hovering and what exercises are to be performed.

AUTOROTATIONS
This part includes all the details about a safe autorotation performance.

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TAXIING

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Taxiing is always performed at an altitude of no more than 30 feet above the ground level. Please make sure to explain how taxiing is performed and what is its purpose, then proceed with the following tasks:

TAXIING (When teaching from Fort Zancudo as a SASP Member)
Showcase how to taxi from the Rangers' hangar 0101 to the helipads on the side of the Fort Zancudo base.

TAXIING (When teaching from Sandy Shores Airfield as an SFS Member)
Showcase how to taxi from the Sandy Shores Airfield helipad to Runway 22.

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HOVERING

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HOVER AND MAINTAIN SAME POSITION
Find a suitable location over the runway to perform this exercise. The pilot must maintain the helicopter steady for roughly 30 to 60 seconds without moving away from their position.

HOVERING AND MOVING
Fly along the chosen runway to its end, then fly backward in reverse while maintaining your altitude above the runway.

ORBITING
Pick a suitable target with a sufficient amount of space surrounding it so you can freely orbit around it. The helicopter's nose must be maintained focused on the object at all times as the pilot orbits around the said object.

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AUTOROTATIONS

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EXPLAIN AND SHOWCASE AUTOROTATION
Autorotations are best performed from roughly 600 feet. Start your descent towards the runway at about 80 MPH constant speed. Drop the collective lever to descend further and then use your already gained airspeed to glide towards the runway, then perform a flare as you're very close to the ground so you can slow down rapidly and land.

[Itsuki Aoyama]

ROTORCRAFT - LESSON 3

Rotorcraft execution plan for lesson 3

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LESSON 3- INFORMATION

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TRAINING FLIGHT MAP
Show the map to the student pilot and explain it to them. Make sure to discuss the altitudes displayed on the map and such.

RADIO COMMUNICATIONS
Discuss the ATC communications once again and remind them each time when they need to perform the communications.

LANDINGS
Discuss all the landing locations.

DANGERS
Discuss all the dangers.

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TRAINING FLIGHT MAP

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TRAINING FLIGHT MAP

ALTITUDES
Explain the digits on the map that mark the peaks of the various hills and mountains.

ROUTE
Discuss the differently colored routes and the planned flight, as well as the numerous marked landing locations both at helipads and away-from-airport.
The red-highlighted path involves a take-off from Sandy Shores Airfield's helipads and a flight to the La Puerta Helipads where the first landing is performed. The blue-highlighted path is the path showing the take-off from La Puerta, and leading to the Paleto Cove area where the away-from-airport landings are performed.

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RADIO COMMUNICATIONS

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CHANGING AIR SPACES
Explain that they must notify when entering LS Airspace, and Senora Airspace, and how to do it.

LS traffic, N101PR/Rangers Air One, entering Senora airspace over the Vinewood Hills at 1300 feet, continuing north-east towards Alamo Sea.

GENERAL ATC USAGE
Make sure they utilize the appropriate ATC where due, like during take-offs and landings.

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LANDINGS

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LANDING ON HELIPAD/AIRPORT
Explain their options to land on helipads and runways and remind them of the required ATC communications that need to be performed.

LANDING AWAY-FROM-AIRPORT/HELIPAD
Explain their options to land away from airports and heliports and remind them of the required ATC communications that need to be performed.

A landing zone has to be free of:

• Traffic
• Civilians who are not involved in your landing operation.
• Fire or fire-related smoke.
• Rocks, boulders, debris, and items that may fly off due to the strong winds caused by the helicopter's blades.
• Power lines and other standing objects within an area of approximately 30 by 30 meters or 100 by 100 feet.

Paleto Cove landing spot


Paleto Cove landing spot #2


Catfish View landing spot

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DANGERS

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DYNAMIC ROLLOVER
You have a series of conditions that combine to make a dangerous situation. 3 key elements make up this hazardous condition. They are: A pivot point, a rolling moment, and weight equal to thrust at some time during the maneuver. What happens is that the helicopter, which is still on the ground, will start to roll over on its side using one skid, or wheel, as the pivot point.

Once the aircraft starts to roll, a downward collective movement is the only thing that will stop the forces in action from flipping the aircraft on its side. By reducing the collective, the thrust-to-weight ratio decreases, which allows the aircraft to settle back down in a level attitude. If this is done on sideward sloping terrain, a collective reduction performed too quickly can cause the aircraft to roll over on the other side, down the slope. Care must be exercised when performing slope landings, but dynamic rollover can occur on the flattest of surfaces if the pilot becomes complacent.

SETTLING WITH POWER
Settling with power can be a dangerous condition that any pilot may face, and if he or she is not on their toes, it may cause a serious uncontrollable situation. Settling with power is basically when the helicopter settles into the rotor wash produced by its main rotor system. It requires 3 key elements to occur, and these conditions should be avoided in combination with one another.
These are: A near-zero airspeed, up to 100% power applied, and a better than 300-foot-per-minute rate of descent. Once you have all of these situations in occurrence, the aircraft will settle in its downwash from the rotor system. The only way to recover is to gain forward airspeed and allow the rotor system to fly into "Clean air". Once the rotor system is clear of the rotor wash, it will become efficient again, and then settling with power conditions will cease to exist.
This can become a real problem at an out-of-ground effect hover (Above 100 feet from the ground) and during landings.

[Itsuki Aoyama]

[Itsuki Aoyama]

ROTORCRAFT - LESSON 4

Rotorcraft execution plan for lesson 4

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LESSON 4 - INFORMATION

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INSTRUMENTS KNOWLEDGE
Discuss the various aircraft instruments and make sure that the student knows them.

GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE
Discuss the various locations around the county and make sure that the student knows them.

AVIATION CODE KNOWLEDGE
Discuss the various parts of the aviation code and make sure that the student knows them.

INTERNAL RADIO
Discuss the radio usage on an internal level and make sure the student can operate it properly.

CAMERA USAGE
Discuss the camera and how to use it and make sure that the student knows how to operate it.

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INSTRUMENTS KNOWLEDGE

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AIRSPEED INDICATOR
The airspeed indicator (ASI) or airspeed gauge is the instrument that shows to us what our current air speed is.

ATTITUDE INDICATOR
The attitude indicator is one of our more vital instruments. This instrument reveals to us our helicopter's position relative to the Earth's horizon.

ALTIMETER
The altimeter (altitude meter) is an instrument that we utilize to know our altitude compared to the sea level.

HEADING INDICATOR
The heading indicator (HI) is an instrument that works with a gyroscope inside, we utilize it to know what our current heading is.

VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR
The vertical speed indicator (VSI) is an instrument that we utilize during take-offs and landings the most. This instrument tells us what our current speed of climb or descent is, therefore, proving very helpful in these situations the most.

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GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE

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PARKS

• Chiliad Mountain State Wilderness (Mount Chiliad)
• Mount Gordo State Park (Mount Gordo)
• Raton Canyon Trail (Between Mount Josiah and Mount Chiliad, Raton Canyon)
• Zancudo River Park (Lago Zancudo)
• Senora National Park (Sandy Shores/Grand Senora Desert)
• Col. David Collins Memorial Park (Grand Senora Desert)
• Tataviam Mountains Reservoir Park (Tataviam Mountains)
• Galileo Park (Vinewood Hills)
• Smith Ridge (Vinewood Hills/The Great Chaparral)
• Beaver Bush (Vinewood Hills)
• Arthur's Pass (Smith Ridge, Vinewood Hills)
• Two Hoots Falls (Tongva Hills)
• Paleto Point Park (Paleto Bay)
• Paleto Forest (Paleto Bay, Paleto Forest)

COUNTY AREAS

• This chapter of the lesson is to be handled as if we are currently in Sandy Shores and directions like North, East, South, and West are to be used.
• Paleto Bay (North of Sandy Shores)
• Mount Gordo (North-east of Sandy Shores)
• Raton Canyon (Due west from Sandy Shores)
• Alamo Sea (North of Sandy Shores)
• San Chianski Mountain Range (West/South-west from Sandy Shores)
• Harmony (On route 68, due south from Sandy Shores)
• Mount Josiah (West of Sandy Shores, south of Raton Canyon
• Tongva Hills (South-west of Sandy Shores)
• Beaver Bush (South of Sandy Shores)
• Paleto Point Park (North of Paleto Bay, North of Sandy Shores)
• Paleto Forest (North of Chiliad Mountain, north of Sandy Shores)

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AVIATION CODE KNOWLEDGE

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MSA - MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE

• 1000 feet above Los Santos.
• 500 feet above law enforcement, firefighting, or military aircraft.
• 500 feet above mountainous terrain.
• 500 feet above the highest obstacle along the route of flight.

TFR - TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTIONS
All pilots who pilot an Aircraft within the airspace of the State of San Andreas are to adhere to the TFR unless they are authorized to enter the airspace affected by TFR.

PROHIBITED AREAS

• Twin Towers Correctional Facility.
• Bolingbroke Penitentiary.
• Fort Zancudo.
• Helipads at any police station or precinct.
• Helipads at any fire station or medical facility.

Note: Entering the airspace of Fort Zancudo is permitted to all SASP Rangers for take-off and landing needs as all our aircraft are parked there.
Note: Landing at police stations, fire stations, medical facilities, or military areas is only allowed if prior permission is given by an authorized representative.

EMERGENCIES
In some cases a pilot must perform a maneuver or landing that is strictly forbidden as per the Aviation Code and may result in a punishment by law when performing them, however, the pilot is safe from prosecution if he:

• Declares an emergency due to a catastrophic mechanical failure that forces him to perform a landing no matter the location.
• Declares an emergency that results in the pilot going against our Aviation Code due to safety reasons.
• Declares an emergency due to a medical emergency for the pilot or his passengers.

Note: When you declare an emergency, this action will more than likely result in an investigation by both the department and the appropriate authority. For this reason, emergencies should only be declared when you are determined that there is an active or impending risk to human life or property. Your priority during emergencies is to always attempt to reach the nearest airport or airfield, but if this is impossible, then an attempt to land in an open area where the chance to inflict additional harm to human life or property is least. Such locations are highways, parking lots, beaches, deserts, and as a last resort - open bodies of water like the Alamo Sea.

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INTERNAL RADIO

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Internal radio frequencies

• 880 - RCC - Rangers Communication Center
• 881 - OPERATIONS 1 - Local Access Communications
• 882 - OPERATIONS 2 - Local Access Communications
• 883 - OPERATIONS 3 - Local Access Communications (Overflow)
• 884 - SERVICE - Department Service Channel
• 885 - PTP - Unit-to-Unit Talk Channel
• 888 - JOINT-OPS

Proper way to use the radio
When transmitting a message through the internal radio, use the following format:

[Callsign to RCC], [Radio Code/Status], [Location], [Brief Message/Request]

XRAY-1 to RCC, requesting a 10-28. White Vapid Sadler, SA Plates, index A-B-C-1-2-3.

XRAY-1, RCC. tune into TAC 1 for an ongoing evasion.

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CAMERA USAGE

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CAMERA INTERFACE

• 1. LUX - Light intensity of the spotlight. Recommended 0% during nighttime in order not to blind the units on the ground.
• 2. FOC ZOOM - Focused zoom of the camera.
• 3. White arrow - The white arrow points where the helicopter's front is pointing.
• 4. Red arrow - The red arrow points to NORTH.
• 5. Location - This line displays over which road the helicopter itself is, not the camera.
• 6. SPEED KTS - Helicopter's speed in KNOTS.
• 6.1 ALT FT AMSL - Altitude in feet above mean sea level.
• 6.2 HDG DEG - Heading in degrees.
• 7. Information about the agency to which this aircraft belongs, along with date and time, and helicopter's tail number.